Bank of Canada and Interest Rates Essay

The Bank of Canada has indicated that it has concerns over inflation being too low. (Parkinson). However, inflation has been rising and the Canadian economy has strengthened over the last several months. Keeping interest rates too low over a long period of time may have a tendency to over-inflate the economy and create asset bubbles while also creating pockets of greater debt, not dissimilar to those that contributed to the global economic collapse of 2008-2009. Although the Bank of Canada has iterated – and reiterated – its current neutrality with respect to interest rates, economists predict that current conditions may require the bank to move more quickly than it may like to bump the rates in the next several months. (Parkinson). Canada is currently facing a housing bubble like that which occurred in the United States, prior to the massive global downturn of 2008-2009. (Altstedter). Home prices have been steadily increasing along with the size of the debt that homeowners are taking on in order to afford the increase in housing prices. Earlier this year, the Bank’s governor, Stephen Poloz, had forward guidance language that cautioned that interest rate hikes could be in the offing removed from Bank of Canada’s policy statements. (Kawa). Since the removal of the language, inflation has begun to increase and the Canadian Dollar has weakened somewhat. This will contribute to further expansion of the housing bubble in Canada. In order to slow the growth of the housing bubble and prevent or delay its eventual bursting, the Bank of Canada will likely be forced to raise interest rates. Bank of Canada Will Not Alter Interest Rates One of the reasons Bank of Canada’s Governor Stephen Poloz removed forward guidance warning of the potential need to increase interest rates from the Bank’s policy statements was to highlight the neutral stance he and the Bank are embracing with respect to interest rates. (Kawa). Poloz said in a September statement that he feels that the global economy is â€Å"performing largely as expected† and that the housing industry in Canada was â€Å"stronger  than anticipated.† (Isfield). This month, Poloz stated that he feels that the upside and downside inflationary risks are, at this time, balanced and that, as such, there is no need alter interest rates in the foreseeable future assuming the status quo is not disrupted. (Parkinson). The Bank’s current neutral stance on interest rates, has now been reiterated and strengthened, to such an extent that it is possible, to â€Å"ultra-neutral.† (Isfeld). Because of Poloz’s ongoing statements with respect to interest rate neutrality, the bank’s removal of interest rate hike guidance from its policy statements, and the perception that the risks between and inflationary upside and an inflationary downside are perceived by Poloz and the board to be balanced, it is unlikely that interest rates will be changed in the next six to twelve months by the Bank of Canada. Works Cited Altstedter, Ari. â€Å"Housing Bubble Will Force Bank of Canada to Renew Rate Hike Warnings Soon, Pimco Says.† Financial Post. 1 Oct. 2014. Web. < http://business.financialpost.com/2014/10/01/housing-bubble-will-force-bank-of-canada-to-renew-rate-hike-warnings-soon-pimco-says/> Isfeld, Gordon. â€Å"Bank of Canada’s Stephen Poloz Turns Ultra-Neutral On Interest Rates.† Financial Post. 3 Sep. 2014. Web. Kawa, Lucas. â€Å"Say Goodbye To Forward Guidance From The Bank Of Canada.† Business In Canada. 14 Oct. 2014. Web. Parkinson, David. â€Å"Bank of Canada Still Fears Low Inflation Despite Balanced Outlook.† The Globe And Mail. 3 Nov. 2014. Web.

Alternative Energy Sources

The depletion of conventional and non-renewable sources of energy i. e. fossil fuels, which include coal, gasoline and natural gas, has caused concern among the policy makers and the consumers. Moreover, the recent increase in oil prices has caused inflation due to higher transportation costs of the commodities. However, the biggest drawback of using the non-renewable sources of energy has been an increase in environmental pollution, and the phenomenon of global warming.When the fossil fuels are burnt by millions of vehicles on road, ships on water, and by aeroplanes in air, toxic emissions including deadly hydrocarbons, and lethal carbon monoxide are released into the atmosphere. These poisonous gases cause severe respiratory diseases, and cancer in the most vulnerable human population i. e. children and elderly. Is it beneficial to continue the use of fossil fuels whose emissions cause deadly diseases in humans?Also, one of the emissions is carbon dioxide, which is the main cause o f global warming. Since the fossil fuels are limited in supply, scientists, environmentalists and policy makers have been striving to find the alternative sources of energy, which are replenishable, easily available, non-polluting, non-detrimental to the health of humans, environmental friendly and do not cause global warming. Isn’t it beneficial for us to explore and deploy the alternative energy sources?I strongly feel that we must develop technology to commercially exploit the alternative energy sources. Some of the types of alternative energy sources along with their utility to humanity are highlighted in the following discussion. Discussion Different definitions of alternative energy have been given by different thinkers and organizations. Economy Watch reported that Material Management Services defined it â€Å"as an alternative for the renewable energy forms,† which has â€Å"not been extracted from fossil fuels.† Further, as defined by Natural Resources Defense Council, Economy Watch stated that alternative energy is peripheral and environmental-friendly. According to Economy Watch, Responding to Climate Change 2007 has defined alternative energy as the one â€Å"that is drawn from the untraditional sources of energy like winds, compressed natural gases, hydroelectricity and solar sources. † When different definitions are merged, the complete meaning of alternative energy sources becomes evident. Alternative Energy Sources The consumption of natural resources has come to dominate the minds of policy-makers and general public in the US, given the limited range of these resources and concerns associated with the burden the growing population places on the reserves.The most obvious problem the US encounters in the realm of natural resources consumption is undeniably the consumption of energy resources.In addition to increasing the efficiency of oil production, the nation will sooner or later have to turn to alternative energy sources. While these sources still remain too expensive to be operational, their technology is undergoing rapid transformations to make them more cost-efficient. Wind mills are already effectively used in Spain where the climate is characterized by strong winds.Solar energy, geothermal power, tides, hydroelectric power plants – all these are ways to receive energy in a way that is less dangerous for the environment and can with time fully replace oil as a source of energy. Con sidering the dangers posed to the US society by the resource depletion, we will also try to look at alternative solutions that will enable us to replace the reserves.Current StateSolar energy is attractive because the energy received by the earth annually exceeds the amount of energy used by humanity by 35,000 times, although â€Å"about 1/3 of this energy is either absorbed by the outer atmosphere or reflected back into space† (University of Utah).Geothermal energy that stems from the inner heat of the earth is of lesser importance as it can be used only to replace a small amount of human needs. The temperatures of 100 degrees Celsius are located only three miles away from the surface, which gives man an opportunity to use geothermal energy.Tidal facilities like the one operated by the former Soviet Union in Lumkara, use the power of the water â€Å"to fill reservoirs, which are then slowly discharged through electricity-producing turbines† (University of Utah).The at traction of tidal power, in contrast to solar and wind energy is its predictability and rich supply that can be calculated since it comes on a regular basis. In contrast, in the case of solar and wind energy, the industry often has to wait for days until the sun comes out or the wind begins to blow. However, the Survey of Energy Resources published by the World Energy Council in 2001 points to â€Å"long construction times, high capital intensity and low load factors† as preventing economic efficiency of this type of energy (World Energy Council). Alternative Energy Sources The move to alternative energy sources is inevitable for most of the modern world. Reasons for the move include sheer economics, geopolitics and environmental protection.Through the years, the world has gotten used to using fossil fuels for their energy needs. Products derived from fossil fuels are used in transportation, in electricity generation, in petrochemicals and even in road construction.The primary reason for the move is the inadequacy of fossil fuels to meet future energy demands at an economically feasible price. Fossil fuels, due to their nature, are of finite supply. Even though no estimates show that the amount of fossil fuels in the Earth is not about to run out, economic forces will cut the fossil fuel supply even before it runs out.As the amount of fossil fuels extracted decreases, the greater the demand for it becomes, particularly because of rising economies. Economics will thus dictate that the price of fossil fuels go up due to shifts in global supply and demand. Sooner or later, the price of energy will rise to unsustainable prices – prices which can cripple economies and cause great financial problems for the common man due to inflation.Already, we have seen evidences of this scenario happening. The price of oil has risen continually over the years and has already sparked unrest in some countries.Alternative energy sources, especially renewable energy sources are clearly better in the long run. Renewable energy sources will not face the problems faced by rising oil prices today simply because these energy sources are not finite.Alternative energy sources like biomass, wind, hydro and solar energy will always be replenished. Moreover, these energy sources are also less polluting than fossil fuel sources. The use of fossil fuels has been linked to the phenomenon of anthropogenic global warming.Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are said to cause Earth’s temperature to rise abnormally – a situat ion which can have disastrous effects on a global scale if left unchecked. Renewable energy sources do not suffer from this drawback which makes them more attractive from an environmental perspective.Nuclear energy is also another alternative energy form. While it is not exactly renewable due to the finiteness of the Earth’s Uranium deposits, the high yield of nuclear energy means that the accessible Uranium in the Earth can last us for centuries before running out.Nuclear energy is clean, already available and can supply energy at a large scale. While there are concerns regarding its safety as well as what to do with spent nuclear waste, newer technologies have managed to reduce the dangers from these nuclear side effects. These make nuclear energy an attractive stopgap until the development of more advanced energy sources.In the pipeline are also some more futuristic energy options. Hydrogen power is a promising alternative to using oil products in transportation. Unlike oi l combustion which releases pollutants into the air, the by-product of Hydrogen consumption is harmless water vapor. Lastly, Helium-3 fusion is an attractive solution which can potentially end all of Earth’s energy problems. Helium-3 fusion is a form of nuclear energy which utilizes Helium instead of Uranium and has no radioactive by products.ReferencesNational Renewable Energy Laboratory – www.nrel.govSchmitt, H. (October 2004). Mining The Moon. In Popular Mechanics. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/1283056.html?page=4.Whitlock, J. (2008). Uranium. In Canadian Nuclear FAQ. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionG.htm#uranium_supply.    Alternative Energy Sources It is undeniable that global warming has been one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Global warming is due to the greenhouse effect wherein greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap the sun's heat in our atmosphere and prevent it from radiating back into space. However the issue of global warming is not about global warming.The greenhouse effect has been around for millions of years and is indeed responsible for the development of life as without it the earth would be too cold to support the variety of flora and fauna we see today. The issue of global warming has been accelerated global warming.The issue is how the rate of heating by the earth's surface is proceeding at a much faster rate than mother nature can adapt to. If the predictions are correct, this will result in a multitude of changes. Environmental changes such as the rise in global sea levels due to the melting of the ice caps, an increase in the frequency of extreme weather due to changing precipitation patterns, and massive rates of extinction.These massive environmental effects also translate to massive economic effects especially in agriculture. Drought will affect the production of essential foodstuffs like grain especially in the equatorial regions. The retreat of glaciers will also affect farms which are dependent on glacier runoff for irrigation.Global warming will also strain government pockets as the need for preventive infrastructure like floodgates as well as for repair and reconstruction of old infrastructure which is damaged by the increased temperature variation. Increased health costs will also be a burden on social services.One of the key methods for mitigating the advance of global warming is by the reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Some of the ways of reducing greenhouse gases include changing practices in agriculture, stopping deforestation, as well as restoring and conserving degraded land.Another way for reducing greenhouse gases is by switching our energy production from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Some renewable energy sources include solar power, wind power, hydrogen, and nuclear power. This paper discusses these alternative energy sources and the prospects for their use.Most of the energy needs of the United States comes from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. The combustion of these fossil fuels drive generators which provide electricity as well as engines that power our transportation.However, these fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable energy sources simply because these fossil fuels are of limited supply. Sooner or later, the world's fossil fuel deposits will reach a point such that their extraction would not be economically feasible. Already, the huge demand for oil is pushing its price to record levels with each   passing year.As opposed to fossil fuel based energy sources, renewable energy comes from sources that wont run out in any anthropological time frame. Renewable sources suc h as wind or solar power come from sources which are constantly replenished, and will be constantly replenished barring major changes of geological or astronomical scale.As such, investments in renewable power is much more future proof. Because these renewable sources of energy wont run out, we can be sure that succeeding generations will be able to benefit from renewable energy sources we develop today. That much cannot be said for sources of energy from oil, gas and coal.

Documentary film Super Size Me

Crucial health information is brought to the general public’s attention, when Morgan Spurlock directs and stars in the documentary film Super Size Me. After the obesity epidemic that broke out in the early 2000’s, Spurlock wonder’s what would happen if he were to consume only McDonald’s for breakfast, lunch and dinner for thirty days. This experiment raised many eyebrows to what is really reflected as healthy food. Therefore, due to Spurlock’s study a question came to mind; Should McDonald’s place health warning labels on their so-called food products?Yes, all McDonald’s should place health warning labels’ on their products of food. Spurlock proves that McDonald’s is not safe to consume, because at the end of his experiment he gained twenty four and a half pounds, had a thirteen percent increase in body mass, a  cholesterol  level of 230, elevated mood swings, fat buildup in his liver and sexual dysfunction. Many crit ics say that because Spurlock was not exercising regularly and was intentionally consuming an average of 5,000 calories a day, that anybody would have had the same results.Nonetheless after Spurlock carried out his experiment, he proved his case which is, walking 5,000 steps a day and consuming 5,000 calories a day of just McDonald’s is dangerous from every view and McDonald’s should place warning labels on all their food that is sold to the public. Though warning labels’ on McDonalds food would not harm business as much as corporate thinks it will, in the film Super Size Me, Spurlock approaches random members on the street of Manhattan, New York and ask if they know how bad McDonalds is for them and if so, why do they continue to eat it?Every person that was addressed by Spurlock stated yes they do know fast food restaurants are the main cause for health problems, but they still love to eat out. Proving that even the informed American concisely makes the decisi on to eat out rather than making a fresh meal at home. In the end, Spurlock’s film was a success when it came to getting his message across, which is, be informed and stay healthy.

Tools of Monetary Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tools of Monetary Policy - Assignment Example If the required reserve ratio was increased for these big banks they would hold more deposits and lend few. This would not hold the problem at hand as these banks are too big to suffer from search changes (The Editorial Board). The increase would lead rather to a decrease in the money supply and thus the public would suffer as this would lead to an increase in interest rates. Graph 1 The graph above illustrates and demonstrates a decrease in the money supply, which leads to the increased interest rates. An open market operations Open market operation is the buying and selling of government securities in the open market through the Central Bank of a given country. If there is excess money in the economy or rather inflation, and the government wants to reduce this amount, it will sell its securities to the public. The money obtained is used to develop other sectors of the economy or to invest in investments with high returns (The Editorial Board). If, on the other hand, there is little money in the economy, the government will buy these securities from the public to increase money in the economy. To ensure this, the government has ensured that the public has information about these securities and are educated on their importance in the economy at large. Graph 2 According to the graph above increase in money supply (ms) from (Ms0) to (Ms1) the increase, in essence, leads to a decrease in interest rate (r). Interest rate policy For the central bank to control the flow of money in the economy besides bank rate and cash reserve ratio, the central bank can directly influence the economy by increasing or reducing the interest rates. An increase in interest rate causes an increase in money demand, in the economy. This would be the best choice in an economy that wants to favour capital investment. The author is insisting on a change of laws whereas in a free market there are already flexible policies that can aid in protecting the individuals. As illustrated above when t he interest rates are low the people are encouraged to borrow from the bank since it is cheap, when they borrow they use the money to buy bonds, and for other capital investments the central bank interferes by increasing the bank interest rate to reduce the demand for bonds, in essence, the money demand shifts from MD1 to MD2. 2. What role did weak financial regulation and supervision play in causing the 2007-2009 financial crises? Financial regulation refers to the laws and rules that are set by the government of a particular country to govern the financial institutions like the banks and other investment companies. It is majorly done to ensure financial stability in the financial system thus ensuring that funds flow smoothly between investors and savers. This will, in turn, lead to economic growth. The laws also ensure that there is minimized the rate of financial crime by doing away with illegal businesses in the financial system. This has made the public have confidence in the f inancial system since they are sure that their businesses are legal and whatever the returns the get is transparent. Lastly, financial regulation has helped in increasing information to investors, and this has helped in the reduction of both adverse selection and moral hazard problems. A financial crisis takes place when there is a large interference to the flow of information in the financial markets, and this makes the financial system not to function properly.     Ã‚  

The changing role of hr management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The changing role of hr management - Essay Example Starbucks and Southwest Airlines are the perfect examples of such companies, where globalization and change in business trends have modified the traditional roles of HR management. Let us discuss how each of these factors affects the role of HR management in the 21st century. Globalization â€Å"Globalization is said to bring people of all nations closer together, especially through a common medium like the economy or the Internet† (Ellis-Christensen, 2011). Globalization has opened new dimensions and areas of consideration for the HR managers of the today’s world. Globalization has put a significant impact on the role of HR management in the success of a company. Today, any company or organization wants to expand its business to the international world in order to increase productivity and profitability, and when a company plans to go global, the management of that company needs to consider many important factors related to business, such as, different cultures, langua ges, social behaviors, and employment and government laws. The role of HR management changes when a company plans to operate the business in foreign countries. ... treme importance to the understanding of international cultures and languages because it plays a critical role in the international success of multinational companies. Another important factor to which today’s HR managers give extreme importance is international employment laws. When a company goes global, the management needs to consider international employment laws while setting up employment plans for the international employees. Technology The advancement in the field of technology has led the focus of HR managers towards hiring highly technical employees for the companies. When a company starts making use of new and latest technology for running any specific business activity, such as, manufacturing, it needs to hire such employees who should be skilled in using that technology. Today, HR managers prefer highly skilled and technical candidates as compared to such candidates who are although high qualified but not skilled enough to make use of technology. Moreover, inform ation technology has also played a role in changing the role of HR management in the today’s business world. Information technology provides managers with such software products and applications, which not only assist them in doing performance appraisal but also helps in improving the overall human resource management. In the past, keeping record of large-scale human resources was not an easy task (Rankonda, 2010). The human resource management system (HRMS) is an example of information technology, which not only assists human resource managers in keeping large records but also helps them in carrying out many tasks, such as, keeping attendance, labor distribution, automated record keeping, and many other tasks. Ethics â€Å"Business ethics is the behavior that a business adheres to in its daily

Security in Bluetooth and other Mobile Devices Assignment

Security in Bluetooth and other Mobile Devices - Assignment Example "Mobile devices  are attractive targets because they are well connected, often incorporating various means of  wireless  communications." (Zhang, 2008) These mobile phones can be the entity of the person or of the organization whose information has to be accessed. The only problem with a mobile device or blue tooth is that it is not as secure as other devices like laptops as it is not provided with hardware based roots of trust therefore the information or the data stored in these mobile phones can be easily accessed by the process of jailbreaking or rooting. The issues that arise due to the inefficiency and the lack of security encountered by mobile phone devices are not so extreme and can be countered if effective measures are taken to overcome the security threats that persist. "New research reveals 68 percent of mobile device owners who have not adopted financial apps are holding back due to security fear." (Software Immune System). The reason why these mobile phones are no t reliable because android phones can be easily hacked and iPhone was hacked before it even released raising a doubt about their security in the minds of all. The industry which I will take into consideration is banking because of the increasing security threats that are associated to it because of the use of mobile devices.The problem arises as only a limited number of people take time out to secure their phones while the rest leave them accessible to harmful software and hackers. Many users these days get their mobile phones jailbreaked or rooted so that they can have access to millions of apps available unaware of the fact that these apps can damage the security of the phone making it prone to malfunctioning. These phones which lack security increase problems for banks and other finance sector as theycannot limit access of the users to such applications, mobile devices or how the user utilizes the mobile phone. In order to keep mobile devices secure banks need to take initiates o n their own so that the integrity of the bank. Banks need to realize that these mobile devices provide an aggressive setting and those applications enabled on the phone are unsafe therefore banks need to take preventive measures on their own and not rely on their customers.Banks and designers who design software are aware of the ongoing security threat in their minds therefore 'public key cryptography' is ensured so that security remains intact but this is just not enough. Hackers and software designed to disrupt the system can alter the functioning of the applications. These have the capability to change the account numbers, bringing changes to accounts, starting false dealings, saving passwords and pin codes etc.more actions are needed so that secure the apps available on mobile phones whereas it is essential to take preventive security measures increasing the communication protocols.(Ahonen, 2008) The five steps that banks can take to ensure security are as follows. Firstly, in o rder to suspect and find out rare and unintentional activities that happens in the bank end through the means of "risk-based authentication and anomaly detection". Secondly to provide the mobile devices with entrusted applications this can comprise of various security structures. Thirdly banks can incorporate another device that can maintain the security adding more to the capability of the smartphone itself known as"Out-of-band authentication". Fourthly, by integrating

Business Integration topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Integration topic - Essay Example During this period, the company opened 13 stores. (JB Hi Fi, Annual Report – 2007) The strategies followed by JB Hi Fi will be discussed in light of recommendations for further improvement and growth in this paper. These strategies will be discussed in terms of the phases put forward in the book by Kotter titled Leading Change, as well as theories by various other scholars like Taylor, Porter and others. In the book Leading Change, Kotter has used the word urgency to describe the first phase so as to get a head start into the process of transformation. This can be seen in JB Hi Fi’s foray into the market of technology with the popularity of its â€Å"Big Box†. This has to do with taking stock of competitive and market realities with a focus on crises and opportunities. (Kotter, 1996) This has been paralleled in Organizational Behavior and Management through a focus on competitive advantage which can be described as follows: (Ivancevich et al, 2004) This brings us to a discussion on the technicalities of the model proposed by Porter. Porters Five Forces model provides suggested points under each main heading. When taken into consideration individually, each of these gives rise to the development of a broad and sophisticated analysis of competitive position. This may further be used during the creation of a strategy, plans, or even where making investment decisions about a business or organization is concerned. These five competitive forces determine industry profitability and attractiveness apart from being responsible for shaping the prices that firms can charge, the costs they have to bear, and the required investments to engage in industry level competition. We are concerned with the fact that Porter’s essentially ahistorical approach cannot provide a full account of either a nation’s competitive advantage and corporate strategies or the growth and development of industrial

Riordan Gap Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Riordan Gap Analysis - Essay Example However, the company can use this as a opportunity to better manage its operations. It can give different compensation packages and work schedules to different groups of people and take advantage of the situation by improving its production, The second issue that the company is facing that there are several late consignments in the last few months. There is some problems in the operations management of the company. The company can again use different sets of people to solve the problem. By allocating different work schedules and holidays, the company can operate in holidays because one or two groups will always be present to work because different cultures have different holidays falling on different days, months and years. This way the company can reduce the problem of late consignments. The third issue for the company is lack of qualified resources. However, the company can train them to achieve great benefits out of them as they would command fewer salaries than qualified resources. Hence, the company can improve its profitability. There would be different interests for management, government and employees. The management would want high productivity and achievement of overall vision. The government would want the organization to follow all rules and regulations and to respect the natural environment. However, the employees would want better conditions of work and high salaries. These interest might conflict with each other and the company will have to choose a framework to decide which aims to follow and which to ignore depending on the firm’s own value network. For example, paying high salaries to worker would mean that the company’s vision of being a profitable firm would suffer. Hence, the company will have to make a decision on what is best for the firm to follow. The company would want to achieve workplace harmony. This means that no culture is conflict with the company’s polices and that there is no infighting within the organization. The

Introduction to Policy Process Framework Dissertation

Introduction to Policy Process Framework - Dissertation Example A fact worth noting is that without such a regulatory policy, many of the private insurers exploited consumers in different ways. For example, consumers of health insurance lacked adequate information concerning the available services offered in the marketplace. Each of these stakeholders contributed immensely to the development of the provision that requires private insurers to have an interactive marketplace. Consumers recognized that the policy would place them in a better position to understand the different available policies and make the right choice concerning the preferred health insurance coverage. Consultation with different stakeholders and interest groups led to the development of the policy that needed to be implemented by private insurers (Tate, 2012). Specifically, the government exhibits a measure of control on the premium rates defined by private insurers. The government does so to ensure that private insurance companies do not exploit Americans. There was a heated d ebate concerning the structure of the marketplace because it differed from what many stakeholders knew. The development of the structure of the modern marketplace depended on the views of all the stakeholders. The Affordable Care Act has provisions that represent redistributive policies. Specifically, the Affordable Care Act outlines that rich Americans should be highly taxed so that the taxes can cover the health insurance of lower social class. There is an existing gap between the upper class and the lower class because the rich have access to more opportunities. A close analysis of the uninsured in the United States reveals that the lower class cannot afford health insurance coverage. Additionally, the lower class is denied opportunities of having health insurance coverage because of the premium rates determined by the insurance companies (Morgan & Boardman, 2012).

Explore peter hollindales claim that peter pan retains its magical Essay

Explore peter hollindales claim that peter pan retains its magical elasticity and its ongoing modernity with reference to differ - Essay Example Indeed, Peter Hollindale argues that whilst some 20th century literature is best interpreted within its historical backdrop; Peter Pan remains relevant (Hollindale, 2005). To this end, Hollindale posits that â€Å"Peter Pan retains its magical elasticity and its ongoing modernity† and this paper critically evaluates this statement with specific reference to different versions of Peter Pan since its original production. In supporting his argument, Hollindale refers to the centenary of the first performance of Peter Pan, which was marked throughout various media modes in the UK from television to radio. However Hollindale refers to the argument of drama critic Michael Billington that whilst television is often fixated with the first half of the 20th century; the continued importance accorded to Peter Pan in production is justified due to the character providing a microcosm of human nature particularly in respect of obsession with youth (Hollindale, 2005). For example, Peter Pan arguably symbolises a wealth of different universal elements tied to childhood which transcends time to sustain contemporary relevance. Moreover, it is submitted that the emotional needs of a child remains the same regardless of culture, history, and environment (Rose, 1993). This is further reflected through Barrie’s narrative as academic commentary has opined that Barrie's desire in writing Peter Pan was to write about the adventures of his own childhood mixing it with fantasy (Rose, 1993). He was highly influenced by his mother's non-acceptance of his elder brother’s death and constantly dressed in his clothing to make his mother happy. This marked him for life and contributed to one of Peter Pan's attributes of never wanting to grow up. In turn Peter Pan remains a paradoxical figure, where he symbolises eternal youth on the one hand; which are juxtaposed against the ramifications of not growing up within the backdrop of the harsh world (Rose, 1993 ). Other childhoo d experiences which seen in the narrative play The Boy Casteways, which was influential in determining other important elements (Rose, 1993). For example, it is submitted that Neverland was the Black Lake Island and Tinkerbell was a firefly. Additionally, Nana was the Saint Bernard dog, Llewellyn Davies, P, the boy Casteways. Moreover, by the time Peter Pan was published in 1904, Barrie had become a prolific play writer in London, with Peter Pan featuring prominently in Barrie’s characteristic fusion of social commentary and fantasy (Barrie 1927). Additionally, the consistent narrative of the Peter Pan story reflects the consistency of the quest for eternal youth and issues impacting childhood, which remain universally applicable (Rose, 1993). For example, the story of Peter Pan never changes and the lives of Wendy, John and Michael consists of rules, school, playing make believe, baths, rules, parents, and beds. They have their own make believe lives where they tell stories about pirates and adventures. Every child has his own Neverland, a concise place in his mind where he has his own private thoughts and fears. One night they are awakened suddenly and three children, who are bored with their lives, are invited on the adventure of their life. They leave as children, seeing their lives through the small key lock of their room; and come back seeing life through the

I Love School Essay Example for Free

I Love School Essay Doors and windows -It is suggested to use wooden door and window frames instead of concrete or steel. Framing Timber framing -naturally sound insulated -strong structure -construction times are less Recycled steel framing -It’s easy to use when contractors are building your house -less framing material compared to wood but will still be the same structure if you used wood. -Walls, roof and ceilings will not change due to the weather changes -they do not rot, absorb moisture or create mould -resistant against termites Roofing Cool roofing -once the product is painted onto your roof the sun is reflected away. it can be painted on wood, concrete, plaster, metal and glass. -when it’s hot it is preferred that you wear white instead of black, cool roofing is where it reflects the sun and stays cooler because it’s a white colour -cost more than normal roofing but once it starts to work it lowers your bill. -having the roof that you probably have on your house now can reach temperatures of over 70 degrees storing more heat into your house, cool roofing’s temperature only goes to 20-35 degrees at most without insulation leaving your house cooler and saving you from paying heavy cooling bills. Authentic roof made from recycled materials -been said that it’s virtually unbreakable -they are extremely light weight -has UV protection which stops it from fading -contains no toxin materials Roof tiles -colour will not fade, rust or corrode -are a natural thermal insulator. In winter they keep the cold air out and the heat in. In summer they keep the heat out and cold in -natural sound insulator -they are heat resistance; therefore they provide protection against bush fires -made with naturally occurring clay which can be recycled into new clay tiles and bricks Insulation Spray foam insulation -75% noise reduction reduces mould and condensation growth -saves on electricity bills Structural insulation panels -50% more energy efficient -40% less construction time -the core of the panels is made of Expanded Polystyrene which is made from using a low-environmental process which means it does not contain any major carbons. The Oriented Strand Board which is an engineered wood product is made from harvesting a fast growing crop forest which makes the materials renewable and sustainable. -fire resistant -can be used for floors, foundations and basements -bricks and stone can be installed on the panels SIP’s are also used as walls although you can put stone, or brick over the top of it. There is no need for painting as SIP’s come in a range of colour. recycled denim -made from old jeans that have been cleaned, stripped and covered in boric acid which is mould, fire and insect resistant -doesn’t contain any throat or skin irritations -creates a greater sound barrier -its 100% recyclable -requires small amount of energy to manufacture -doesn’t itch and easy to handle -when the insulation gets wet its manufactured to breathe and release the moisture. Also contains active mould inhibitors recycled paper 100% recyclable -takes 10 times less energy to produce than half of the other insulation -non-corrosive -doesn’t support mould or fungus growth -it reduces overheating and overcooling also good for sound insulation Heating/cooling Solar smart breeze -collects solar energy from under a tile or timber roof and cools the house in summer and heats it in winter Spilt system -energy efficient when compared to portable and window air conditioners Hyd ronic heating -uses radiant warmth. Evaporative cooling -uses natural air Smartbreeze -reduces 40% greenhouse gases -saves energy and electricity bills can also work at night providing nocturnal cooling how it works with a metal roof heating. During winter and cold days there can be a build-up of warm heated air between the roof, sheets and foils. The air is dragged to the smartbreeze unit and the fan energised by the solar panel that’s placed on your roof force the warm air through ceiling vents and into your living spaces creating a warmer environment. Cooling during the day during hot weather hot air builds up into your roof. The solar energised fans force the now cold air into your living space which then reduces the temperature. Roof ventilation Avoiding a build up of moisture in winter and to reduce an excessive heat build up in the summer -Some benefits are – lowing energy bills, greater comfort in home, ensure the health of your family -Removes dust which enters through tiny gaps of the house structure increasing your health. Gardening fake grass Regal grass -100% recycled -Contains no harmful toxins or heavy metals -no infill like sand is needed for the insulation -not spiky like real grass, soft to touch and walk on -doesn’t need to be mowed, therefore low maintenance is needed. There is no need to sweep away the excess grass that’s left over. Termiturf -no watering, mowing or fertilizing -its low maintenance -doesn’t lose colour or fade real grass -Needs to be watered at least once a week -Needs to be mowed, the petrol from the lawn mower pollutes the air -Needs to be fertilized, using fertilizer is bad because the chemicals that are in it get washed into either, rivers, oceans and lakes. That causes algae to grow and creatures that live in the water or drink the water. grey water -grey water is collected from you shower, bath or washing machine, it is then diverted into a pump called the waste water system, once the water flows hrough the pump it is then diverted into your garden. -it can save up to 350-700L per day -less energy and chemical use -lower water bills Drip irrigation -weed growth is reduces because between plants the areas aren’t irrigated -constant moisture which improves growth in plants -you don’t need to move them around like a sprinkler, they can stay there permenately -decreased fe rtilizer cost -60% more efficiency over sprinkler systems Flooring Cork flooring -made from trees. The trees are not cut down, they are made from the bark which grows back every 3 years -cork flooring contains a low or no VOC (volatile organic compound).

“The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down” by Anne Fadiman Essay Example for Free

â€Å"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down† by Anne Fadiman Essay Anne Fadiman’s â€Å"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down† explores the depth and complexity of cultural understanding, particularly between the American culture and the Hmong culture of Laos. To do this, Fadiman made of an account of a case of a Hmong child who suffered from epileptic seizure. Here, she elaborately narrated how Lia Lee, a seven-year old Hmong girl, got caught between the conflict in beliefs among her American doctors and Hmong parents. While Lia’s parents totally believe in the Hmong traditional way of healing, her American doctors on the other hand strongly believe on the power of modern medicine. From this theme the book of Fadiman mainly revolved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the subtopics that were discussed in the book also dealt with intercultural communication. Among all the characters in the novel, the Lee parents, Foua and Nao Kao, were the ones who learned most about this. From the story, we found out that the Lee parents belonged to the some of the Hmong people who migrated from Laos to America due to Laos War. With this a background, we could claim that the Lees did the adjusting with their new environment. However, in Fadiman’s point-of-view, the other way around happened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To prove this, Fadiman wrote that the Hmong people are one of the proudest cultural groups. She mentioned that â€Å"†¦the Hmong do no like to take orders; that they do not like to lose; that they would rather flee, fight, or die than surrender; that they are not intimidated by being outnumbered; that they are rarely persuaded that the customs of other culture, even those more powerful than their own, are superior, and that they are capable of getting very angry (Fadiman, 1997; p. 17).   She also wrote that Hmong people migrated to America not to hope for assimilation but to resist it, just like what they did when they left China (Fadiman, 1997; p.183). However, although the Lee parents seemed to be so proud and fixed with their beliefs regarding healing of their child, at the end, they finally agreed with Lia’s American doctors with her medication. However, the American doctors claimed that if Lia’s parents followed them earlier, then Lia would not end up having her brain dead.   From this, we could conclude that certainly, Foua and Nao Kao had learned that intercultural communication is important in dealing with problems. Moreover, the couple learned how to adjust and balance their own beliefs and practices with those of other culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The conflict in cultural beliefs in healing was also the most significant topic explored in the text. The clashing of Lia’s parents and her American doctors was one of the reasons for Lia’s condition. The Hmong couple strongly believed that the condition of their child was qaug dab peg translated as â€Å"the spirit catches you and you fall down†. In the Hmong culture, this means that the soul has left the body, thus Lia would become spiritually-gifted. On the other hand, the doctors strongly believed that Lia’s condition is dangerous and must be taken with serious and modern medication. Because of this conflict in beliefs, Lia’s condition worsened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, this could have been prevented if at the start, both parties valued the importance of intercultural communication. For example, instead of not complying in the giving of Phenobarbital to Lia (Fadiman, 1997; 220), the couples should have listened first to the views of Lia’s doctors regarding her condition. If this has happened, the separation of Lia from her parents due to an order court, which caused too much stress on Lia’s part, could have been prevented. The situation, as Fadiman described in her interview with Lia’s nurses, made Lia â€Å" crying four days straight. Smearing feces, intense crying again. Stripped herself . . . went on a wave of destruction. Had to sedate her† (Fadiman, 1997; p.87). On the other hand, if the American doctors had acknowledged the importance of Hmong beliefs and practices for the Lee couples, then they could have helped each other in dealing with Lia’s condition. In addition, the American doctors should have shown an open mind for the couple’s opposite views regarding health and healing. For example, they should not have pointed the blame to the Lee couples when Lia’s condition worsened. In fact, according to Fadiman, Lia’s condition did not worsen because of the non-compliance of her parents. In Fadiman’s interview with the pediatric neurologist who observed last Lia and who came from a different hospital, he said that Lia’s worse condition was due to her long stay in the hospital. Fadiman wrote that the doctor ordered her to â€Å"†¦ Go back to Merced, and tell all those people at the MCMC that the family didnt do this to the kid. We did.   (Fadiman, 1997; p.255). Through this, at least intercultural communication and understanding had been observed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation to this, the people from MCMC, the hospital where Lia was confined, were one the significant people in not only in Lia’s life, but in the Hmong community in California as well. Their actions in dealing with Lia’s case could be said as a reflection of their understanding of Hmong culture. If I were the hospital administrator of MCMC, I would suggest that the hospital hold a special division for Hmong patients. All people that would be assigned in here should have a vast knowledge on Hmong culture. In that way, the hospital could better serve the Hmong people. In addition, I would suggest that all hospital employees be sensitive and open with Hmong beliefs and practices. Finally and the most important one, I would suggest that all hospital employees practice communicating culturally with the Hmong people. This would prevent both parties from misinterpreting and misunderstanding each other.   In dealing with the conflict with their medical beliefs, it is important that the hospital employees could explain well to the Hmong people their views regarding modern practice of medicine. In that way, Hmong people and American doctors could meet halfway to help one another.

The Characteristics Of Bluetooth Technology Computer Science Essay

The Characteristics Of Bluetooth Technology Computer Science Essay It is a short range communication technology to connect to devices using short-range radio frequency(RF) which is intended to replace communication that uses cabling. It is used mainly to establish wireless personal area networks (WPAN),commonly referred to as AD-HOC or peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. This technology now a days are integrated into many types of business and consumers devices such as mobile phones, PDA, laptops, headsets, vehicles, printers. This technology is globally accepted and any devices which are bluetooth enabled can communicate with other bluetooth enabled device located in proximity to one another almost everywhere in the world. Bluetooth is a low cost, low power technology which provides small wireless networks. The devices with this technology connect each other through short range,ad hoc networks known as piconets. Every time a bluetooth enabled device enter or leave radio proximity the piconets gets established automatically and dynamically. Also each device in the piconets offers a simultaneous connection up to seven other devices and that piconet can also belong to several other piconets allowing a limitless connection. This technology also has the ability to simultaneously handle data and voice transmission which provides users with a variety of uses such as printing ,synchronization with PC and laptops, accepting voice calls through hands-free headsets etc. Some of the advantages of this technology includes: Replacements for cable: this technology replaces the use of different types of cabling required to establish a connection between 2 or more different or similar devices e.g mouse, headsets, keyboard, printers etc. Wireless synchronization: It automatically synchronize with bluetooth enabled devices such as laptops via wireless connection. e.g synchronization of address book contained in laptops,cellular phones etc. Internet connectivity: any bluetooth enabled device having internet connectivity can share the internet access with other bluetooth enabled device. One acts as a modem. e.g a laptop can use a internet via a bluetooth enabled cellular phone by establishing a dialup connection through the cellular phone. Bluetooth Technology Characteristics: Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency band. Many technology such as IEEE 802.11 b/g WLAN standard operate in this band. It employs frequency hoping spread spectrum (FHSS) for every transmissions, also FHSS helps to minimize the interference and transmission errors as well as provides a limited level of transmission security. This is done by the technology which detects the devices under the spectrum and avoids the frequency used by the other bluetooth enabled device. Also the communication between the devices uses 79 different radio channels by hoping frequencies at 1 MHz interval giving a high degree of interference immunity and allowing better transmission within the spectrum. This hoping provides greater performance even when other technologies are being used simultaneously with bluetooth technology. Range: the operating range depends upon the device class which include the following: Class 3 radios : supports up to 1m or 3ft. Class 2 radios : found in mobile devices-ranges from 10m or 33 ft. Class 1 radios: used in industrial sector having a vast range of 100m or 300 ft. Bluetooth low energy technology has a range of up to 200m or 600ft. Power Consumption: class 2 device uses 2.5 mW of power. The generic alternate mac/phy in version 3.0 HS enables the discovery of remote AMPs for high speed device and turns on the radio only when needed for data transfer giving a power optimization benefit as well as aiding in the security of the radios. Bluetooth low energy technology, optimizd for devices requiring maximum battery life instead of a high data transfer rate, consumes between  ½ and 1/100 the power of classic bluetooth technology. Data rate bluetooth low energy technology provides a speed of 1 Mbps of data transmission. For version 1.2 and 2.0 EDR the data rate includes 1Mbps and 3 Mbps respectivley. For version 3.0 HS up to 24 Mbps is supported. Security Aspects: bluetooth technology and associated devices are susceptible to general wireless networking threats, such as DOS attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle-attacks, message modification, and resource misappropriation. Generally the security are classified into three categories: non-secure: in this type any bluetooth device do not initiate any security measures. Service level enforced security: in this security mode two bluetooth device establish a nonsecure Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) link. Link level enforced security: in this mode authentication, authorization and optional enryption are initiated when a request of L2CAP(logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol )connection-oriented or connectionless channel is made. This security mode is established before the connection is made between the devices. Vulnerabilities: Bluejacking: this is a threat which involves a sending of unsolicited messages or business card to bluetooth enabled devices. For this threat to work the sending and receiving device must be within the range of of 8-10m from each other. This is a method usually used for promotional purposes intent rather than with any malicious intention. This method can be quite annoying due to repetitive messages. Also this method does leave a door open for variety of social engineering attacks. In order to prevent this type of attack the device must be set into non-discoverable mode in unsecured areas. Bluesnarfing: this hacking method is done in bluetooth enabled cellular phones and what this attack does is it copies the entire contact book, calender or anything that is stored in the cellular phones memory. This threat can be minimised by setting the device in non-discoverable mode in an un-secured zone. How-ever many software are available in web which can steal information from blue-tooth enabled devices. the back door attack: this attack starts of after being in connection with bluetooth device; through pairing mechanism and if the owner does not observe their device after connection than they are unlikely to notice anything after the device are paired; allowing attacker to use any resources that a trusted relationship with that device grants access to. This means the attacker can not only retrieve data but also use features such as GPRS WAT, internet, modems etc. without the owner being notified. The cabir worm: it is a malicious software that uses the bluetooth technology to look for available bluetooth devices and send itself to them. This worm currently only effects mobile phone which uses symbian series 60 user interface platform. But this threat can be avoided by the user since the user itself has to manually accept the worm and install in order for this attack to be in effect. GPRS it is a non-voice value added service which allows Mobile Phones to be used for sending and receiving data over and internet protocol(IP) based network. It stands for General Packet Radio Services. It is a packet based radio service which is delivered as a network overlay for GSM, CDMA and TDMA networks which enables à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“always onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  connections. This eliminates the repetitive and time consuming dial up connection. It also reserves radio resources only when there is a certain data to be sent ensuring the maximum utilization of radio resources. This service enables users to use many multimedia application through mobile internet. Along with it it provides user the internet from anywhere and anytime. GPRS handles data in a series of packets which can be routed over several paths through the GSM network. The data is segmented and stored as packets before being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end. GPRS users get the benefit of instantaneous connection setup and continuous connection to the internet after being logged-in to an APN (Access Point Name) until the user log off and the user only have to pay the data which is actually transmitted. Since this is a wireless technology so and end-to-end connection is not required because network resources and bandwidth are only used when data is actually transferred. This allows efficient use of available radio bandwidth. This reduces the cost compared to circuit switched services since communication channels gets shared and are on a as-packets-are-needed basis. GPRS data speeds ranges from 14.4 kbit/s (using one radio time-slot) to 115kbit/s (by amalgamating time slots). The average data transfer speed is at about 56 kbit/s. The improvement in the data rate allows users to take part in video conference and interact with various websites and similar application using mobile handheld devices as well as from notebook computers. GPRS is based on GSM communication and will complement existing services like SMS. It also complement blue-tooth. Advantages of GPRS: Operators offer new and improved data services to residential and business markets. Uplift the revenues from data services. Opportunity to increase the number of network users. Provides an upgrade path and baseline for UMTS End Users: high speed internet cost effective since charge is carried out only when data is transmitted and not for the duration of connection constant connectivity simultaneous use of voice and data communication Applications of GPRS include: Chat web browsing internet email file transfer file sharing Security: Security threat depend the type of traffic and data service for specific threat. The Gp interface is the logical connection between PLMNs that is used to support roaming data users. The following traffic falls under Gp : GTP : this provides a logical connection between the SGSN and GGSN of roaming partners. BGP : this provides the routing information between the operator and the GRX and/or roaming partners DNS: provides resolution for subscribers Access Point Name (APN) THREAT ON Gp includes Availability Border Gateway Bandwidth saturation : in this type of threat a malicious operator connects to the same GRX which may have the ability to generate a sufficient amount of traffic which gets directed at users border gateway such that required traffice is starved for bandwidth in or out of user PLMN. Finally denying roaming acess to and from the network. DNS flooding: in this threat the DNS server gets flooded with correct or malformed DNS queries denying subscribers to locate GGSN to use an external gateway. GTP flooding: in this threat SGSNs and GGSNs may be flooded with GTP traffic that cause them to spend their CPU cycles processing illegitimate data preventing subscribers to roam or send data out to an external network Authentication and Authorization Spoofed create PDP context Request: Spoofed update PDP context request Integrity and Confidentiality Capturing a subscribers data session WAP WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol. It is an application environment and a set of communication protocol for witless devices which is designed to allow manufacturer, vendor and technology independent access to the internet and advanced telephony services. Basically it serves as a bridge between the mobile world and the internet as well as intranets offering the ability to deliver an unlimited range of mobile value added services to the users regardless of their network, bearer and terminal. This also enables subscriber to access the same amount of information from a pocket sized devices as they can from the desktop. The WAP specification defines a set of protocols in layers like application , session, transaction, security, and transport enabling operators and manufactures to meet the challenges in advanced wireless service differentiation and fast/flexible service creation. WAP utilizes binary transmission for greater compression of data and is optimized for long latency and low bandwidth. The light weight WAP protocol block is designed to minimize the required bandwidth and maximize the number of wireless network types that can deliver WAP content. Since WAP is based on a scalable layered architecture, each layer can develop independently of the others making it possible to introduce new bearers or to use new transport protocols without having to make any alteration in other layers. Versions of WAP WAP 1.X- WAP 1.0 was introduced way back in April 1998 which described a stack of softwares for internet access through mobile. WAP 1.1 was then introduced a year later after WAP 1.0 in 1999. WAP 1.2 which was the final update of the WAP 1.X series was introduced in June 2000 and the significant update of this was the introduction of WAP push. WAP Push: This version allows WAP content to be pushed to the mobile device with minimum user intervention since this includes a specially encoded message that includes a link to wap address. It can be used over any device which supports WDP like GPRS and SMS. This push version enables users the option to automatically access the WAP content with WAP 1.2 WAP 2.0: This version re-engineered WAP which was introduced in the year 2002 and was a simple version of HTML which is called XHTML. The XHTML helps reduce the bandwidth of internet pages helping user to use the saved bandwidth for other purpose. Benefits: Operators chance to increase the subscriber by improving services such as interface to voice mail and prepaid systems introduction of new application without the need for additional infrastructure or modification to the phone. Enabling the provision of end-to-end turnkey solution which create a lasting competitive advantage. Content Providers; enable content and application developers to grasp eh tag based WML(wireless Markup Language) allowing services to be written and executed within an operators network quickly and easily End Users easy and secured access to relevant internet information and services such as unified messaging and entertainment through their mobile devices. Can access the information from corporate databases. Significant freedom of choice when selecting mobile terminals and application they support allows users to receive and request information in controlled fast and low-cost environment . Applications of WAP: advertising the product directly through the mobile devices allowing the shoppers directly the link to order entry page. Establishment of virtual lan enabling users to play or share information within the grous. Downloading files. Infotainment feature: customer care and provisioning, message notification and call management, email, mapping and location service, weather and traffic alerts, sports and financial services, address book and directory services and corporate intranet application. Security concern over WAP WAP Gateway : this is the most important threat associated with WAP. In this threat WAP devices communicate to web servers through WAP gateway meaning WAP contains unencrypted data for a short period of time which can be highly confidential. In order to avoid this the WAP device must switch to a trusted and secured gateway instead of using the default WAP gateway. Also another solution includes upgrading all wap gateways such that they can work in pass-through mode. When WAP gateway works in this mode it just let pass all the encrypted traffic from mobile phone to server without being decrypted and the gateway would be just a relay for the data stream. Weak encryption algorithms: the encryption protocol encrypts data during the handshake phase which has a possibility to choose the 40bit DES encryption method. In this method, a 5 byte key is used containing 5 parity bits leaving only 35 effective key bits in the DES key. This DES key can be easily hacked through brute force potential for virus attacks: wap contains a scripting language(WMLScript) which makes easier for viruses to affect mobile phone. GSM It stands for Global System for Mobile Communication which is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication and most globally used mobile phone system . It is an open digital cellular technology which is used to transmit mobile voice and data services. This design was the first digital design to follow the analog period to enhance the security from analog counterparts in mobile communication. This technology supports voice calls and data transfer rate up-to 9.6kbit/s, along with the transmission of SMS. This operates in the 900MHz and 1.8 GHz bands in Europe and 1.9 GHz and 850MHz bands in the US , Australia, Canada and many south American countries. The users can access the same service when traveling abroad through GSM international roaming capability which is done after harmonizing spectrum across most part of the earth. This gives users to connect seamlessly and same number connectivity in more than 218 countries even if they have different network service provi der. Application of GSM includes: accessing the internet with GPRS being enabled.. Used in E-commerce for services like mobile banking, e-ticketing etc. Advantage of Gsm include: the consumer benefits from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones and SIM and also to network operators. High voice clarity due to the efficient use of radio frequencies which allows the system to tolerate intercell disturbances. The encryption of speech allows user information to be secured. Also pioneered low cost implementation of the short message service known as text messaging. Introduction of worldwide emergency telephone number feature. Introduction of value added feature such as GPRS EDGE. Threat includes the following: there are mainly two motivation for attackers of mobile phone systems which are: Theft Of service: cloning: In this type of attack, the attacker steals the identifying information from a legitimate phone and loads it to another phone allowing attacker to masquerade as the legitimate phone. What this does is it causes charges to be assessed against the account holder of the legitimate phone. Call Decryption: this threat is based on the encryption method of the GSM network. The attacker had found to decrypt a call with greater speed within 30 seconds with just a laptop and specific radio device back in 2007 and 2008. data Interception: in this type of attack the attacker can easily listen to the transmission of the phone using relatively unsophisticated tools in a effort to eavesdrop on the voice and data transmission occurring. To solve this problem encryption of the data in the air should be maintained.

The Importance of Volunteerism Essay -- Contribution to My Community Se

In social science, economists argue that people act in their personal best interest; in contrast, volunteers willingly share their talents and provide services to others with no obligation or any incentive for personal gain. Volunteers have made significant contributions to charitable, educational, and worthwhile causes within a small community to foreign countries with no boundaries. Undeniably, the exchange of thoughts and experiences are extended through the volunteer process. With flexibility in time and summer vacations, university students are a large majority in the volunteer force around the world The involvement in volunteerism and extracurricular activities are not only beneficial to both the individual student and to the society, but are crucial factors to the university experience with evidence from my three years stay at Queen’s University. University students are under the advantage to network and alleviate academic stress from their participation in volunteerism and extracurricular activities. As a student ambassador of Queen’s Student Alumni Association (QSAA), I was given the chance to become more connected to the student body, the alumni around the world, and the history of Queen’s University. Singing the Oil Thigh at football games and making cheers of Chai Ghai during homecoming celebrations with QSAA had made me even prouder of being associated to Queen’s University. My exploration of Queen’s traditions was further enhanced from my support to QSAA hosting social events of Crunch Brunch and Grad BBQ to each year’s upcoming graduating class. In addition, my friend groups had expanded broader with my engagement to the Queen’s Dance Club (QDC). Every Sunday dance class had became a highlight in my university li... ...tion, but most importantly my volunteer experience along with the numerous other students have made university lives strongly connected to current events and the rest of the world. Therefore, not only are the student activities valuable to students themselves, but also to the overall society. Compassion and passion developed from higher intellectual thinking and awareness of the surroundings provide the gigantic motives in university student volunteerism and activities. From the involvement in these actions, a more colourful university life is portrayed with significant contribution to personal growth and social impact. As a consequence, I will definitely continue my participation in student volunteerism and extracurricular activities as it provides the fundaments to my university experience as the voyage is as worthwhile and rewarding as receiving a diploma.

Preserving Our Earth :: essays research papers

Preserving Our Earth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America's endangered areas are deplinishing daily. Natural disasters are a major factor in their disappearance, but the most prominent factor is mankind. Even though procedures are conducted daily to preserve our home, these areas slowly crumble within our grasps. Protection of these areas is essential, as our whole race depends upon resources derived from these lands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the lush greenery to the sparkling blue waters, all is majestic in its fullest. This is why I believe almost all of these wonderful places should be preserved. Mankind has come too far to throw it all away for his greedy purposes. Many believe that our secluded wildlife areas should be available for the public. But what is to be offered through this? Many recreational activities I presume, but what about our biggest environmental concern - pollution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pollution is so widespread throughout our world that it is overwhelming. Drinking water supplies are contaminated with runoff from nearby factories and even with pollutants from our own backyards. Demands of skyscrapers and condominiums wipe out our decreasing rainforests. This drudges wildlife from its natural home and into the havoc that is ours. Millions of acres of beautiful land are destroyed daily to satisfy the needs of mankind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But has anyone contemplated the needs of our wildlife? When their homes are incinerated, where do they run for shelter? Where will wildlife obtain its food and oxygen if the sources are gone? Not much is done about our destructive ways, we sit back and let money and greed take power. The solution is just a whisper away. The preserved areas should remain untouched. Hunting should be outlawed in these protected lands. If a family is starving and has to resort to this brutal deed, then restricted areas should be permitted.

The Intangible Necessity :: Customer Service Research Papers

The Intangible Necessity Works Cited Missing Introduction It’s the strategic interface between marketing and logistics, it adds value to any given product, yet it’s intangible – what is it? The answer is simple: customer service. â€Å"Customer service has been an issue since the early 1970’s† (Cavinato 60). Though it’s long been considered an issue, it’s important to remember that there isn’t one set formula to developing customer service, it’s more of a mindset (Cavinato 61). Customer service is usually only considered between retailers and end users; however, customer service is the â€Å"fuel that drives the logistics supply chain engine† (Coyle 92). It’s important for logistics companies to look at customer service from all aspects, since it is one way that companies can have a distinctive competitive advantage over competitors. This essay will discuss customer service in two parts, by explaining customer service in terms of its definition and the elements that comprise it and how customer service is applied in the logistics world. What is Customer Service? Definition One author defines customer service as â€Å"a process for providing competitive advantage and adding benefits to the supply chain in order to maximize the total value to the ultimate customer† (Coyle 96). It’s difficult to specifically define customer service because it incorporates several different areas; however, it can be narrowed down to something that a company provides to the end users of its products (Coyle 95). Customer service is important in all areas of a business, upstream to the suppliers of the raw materials and downstream to the end users. Customer service can be viewed in three standard ways: as an activity, as a performance measure, and as a philosophy (Coyle 96). Activity Customer service at this first level is very common. It’s the â€Å"particular task that a firm must accomplish to satisfy the customer’s needs† (Coyle 96). An example at this level would be a customer at a department store voicing a complaint to the â€Å"customer service† desk. The employees at the store must listen and attempt to correct the customer’s problem. The manner in which the employee or the store corrects the problem reflects on the company’s customer service. At the logistics level, it’s merely a transaction (Coyle 96). It’s the communication between the person placing the order and the company’s representative on the other end.

Reduce Cost

In the unpredictable economic times prevalent contemporarily, organizations and economies all over the world are devising strategies that can prove effective in providing them sanctuary from the looming threat of increasing expenditures. However, there are a number of ways through which these expenses can be controlled in an intelligent and less intimidating way. First and foremost, a careful analysis of the sectors where your budget goes wild is significant in taming the money animal. Sometimes it is difficult to reduce an increase item, but more profits can be generated from the increased item if the expense analysis is conducted in a careful way. It is therefore important during analysis that one must make use of percentages rather than actual dollar amounts. For instance if your main objective is to surge sales it is important that the dollar expense is kept the same, by implementing this method you have actually decreased the expense of sale as a percentage which will eventually manifest itself in the form of increased profits. Similarly if the sales volume of an item remains constant, the percentage of profit can still be increased by reducing a particular component contributing to expense. Through such a policy you will be able to successfully achieve both objectives: to decrease the alarming expense and increase the productivity at the same time. Another tool that can effectively be utilized when discussing ways to reduce costs and expenses is ingeniously prioritize the expenditures that are mandatory and those that can temporarily be sidelined. The prioritization is also important as it allows organizations to make decisions accordingly in order to frame their objectives towards acquiring goals that they feel are important for the prosperity of the organization rather than focusing entirely on places which are not that productive. Pros and Cons of Outsourcing One of the areas which have turned out to be a nightmare for the domestic labor market of the United States is the outsourcing. The phenomenon is associated with adverse economic as well as social repercussions. Statistics reveal that majority of the country’s native labor force regards outsourcing as a slow poison to their employment opportunities. This was easily manifested when during a survey 1,019 adults when inquired about outsourcing, 60% of them straight forwardly polled in negative, whereas only 23% said that it was important for financial rejuvenation. In addition to this over 40% companies are involved either in experimenting or are already engaged in shifting their services overseas in search of cheap labor and services that are being provided by countries like China and India. However on the flip side pro-outsourcing advocates claim that by implementing upon outsourcing new job opportunities can be explored as there are also a number of government agencies that outsource their work to different country labor which saves them millions of dollars directly affecting consumer spending as well as expenses being handled by the state treasury. Long and short term issues related to outsourcing A key issue that arises out of outsourcing is finding a satisfactory answer to the question whether outsourcing in future will facilitate the creation of greater employment opportunities. Short-term issues concerning the entire matter are the hypothetical, euphoric and speculative nature between the two major elements and assume that one-to-one replacement of people can easily take place, but in dynamic market situations such as those faced by US markets, prevalence of such conditions are almost next to impossible because price and income both exhibit an elastic nature. Many economic models proposed by prominent economists fail to address these fundamental flaws which are quite dominant in the economic setup of the country. Furthermore in the long run outsourcing can be used as an effective tool for substantial economic gains which can be achieved through proper maintenance of service record which is very important as your customer will be something more than just a simple vendor, effective outsourcing and its fruitful results can only be obtained if the specific customer can readily address the outsourcer in a timely manner and can resolve all complications and difficulties encountered by the outsourcer in performing the task. Another very important factor that is often overlooked by many is the presence of properly trained and managed staff for the outsourcing work. When a customer provides a company with work, he invests a feeling of trust and credibility in the name of the company and therefore it is mandatory for the outsourcer or the outsourcing company itself to live up to his expectations and refrain from practices that may putrid the relation between the client and the service provider. (Holzer, Demetra and Nightingale, 2007)

If I Would Be The President Of India

Many of us have some aspirations and wishes for our country that we desire to fulfill and some changes to bring about, but we feel that we have little say in getting those things done. This is because of our limited power as citizens of the country. Each of us has our rights and responsibilities as citizens of the country which we ought to remember and abide by. But privileges and power to bring amendments to the policies and laws in the country are held with the higher authorities like the President. There are many problems that afflict the society today.Most of these require strict laws by the governance to bring about a considerable change. If I were the President of the country, I would have taken up the issues that adversely affect the society and our country. Increasing pollution levels, growing economic disparity, descending environment consciousness amongst the citizens are some of the major problems that trouble me a lot among all the severe problems that our country faces. We may have seen progress and development in many areas and the socio-economic standards may have risen.However the unscrupulous acts like increased use of cars, deforestation to start industrial set ups and increasing wastage of natural resources and less greener surroundings are some of the problems that may look trivial to handle, but need stringent laws and firm steps to replenish the damage done so far. Being a president, I would like to implement policies that would enforce laws on deforestation and discourage large scale set ups from destroying green pastures beyond a limit by imposing heavy fines. I would encourage setting up of recycling industries and fund state governments for the same.There would be strict laws to punish people doing any harm to environment by polluting it, throwing waste and litter in open spaces and discourage use of non-renewable resources like petrol and crude oil by factories. Instead, more and more funds shall be directed towards developing electri c cars or cars driven by water that will reduce the dependency on petrol and also prevent pollution of the environment. Also I shall increase the prices of cigarettes in order to give yet another reason for people to quit smoking.It would be a great measure as it will help control the pollution levels to some extent and also promise better health and reduce the population of people suffering from chronic diseases. Another attempt will be towards establishing friendly relations with neighboring countries and also enhance better trade without many constraints between the two countries. This will ensure a better and cheaper supply of goods and scarcity of resources which are abundant in other countries can be made available to people of my country and vice versa.Policies to provide better machines and sufficient financial assistance to the poor farmers will be implemented. This will help reduce the burden on farmers who are under the pressure of providing subsidized farm products to th e nation even at the cost of their own loss. They shall be able to provide cheaply produced goods and inflation rate could also be controlled. All my efforts would be initiated, keeping in mind the interest and the wellbeing of the people of my nation.

Practice Organic chem Midterm 1

This exam is designed to give you a small glimpse as to the format of the exams I write. The content of the exam has no direct correlation to the difficulty of the actual exam you will take. Use this exam as another problem set so you can get a little more practice in where multiple chapters are combined into one document. It would greatly benefit you to try doing this exam first.That way, you will et a better idea as to how well you may be prepared for an actual CHM2510 exam. )For each set of molecules below, circle the one that would undergo a solvolysis reaction more rapidly. 2) 2,2†²-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) is a radical initiator that results in the formation of alkyl radicals that are then able to undergo propagation. Use arrows to point out the two bonds that are most likely to break in a radical initiation sequence. 3) Each of the following reactions will not proceed as written. Use no more than ifteen (15) words per response to explain why the reactions woul d fail under the given conditions. ) THF is readily soluble in water while a similar solvent molecule, diethyl ether, is completely insoluble in water. What major intermolecular force is responsible for such a solubility property? Why is this force more likely to participate with THF than with diethyl ether? 5) Predict the products for the following reactions. If more than one product can be made be sure to draw all of them. For problems labeled with ‘major' and ‘minor' eaction products, be sure to draw the appropriate product(s) above the major/minor label.Inorganic byproducts and mechanisms are not required to be shown. 3 2 4 6) Provide the reagents for the following transformations. Be aware that more that more than one synthetic step may be required and there may be more than one route to synthesize each product. 7) Provide the mechanism for the following transformation. Be sure to include all intermediates, formal charges and arrows that depict electron movement. 8) Provide the mechanism for the following transformation.

Assesing the Goal of Sports Products, Inc

Q d. Does the firm appear to have an effective corporate governance structure? Explain any shortcomings. Ans: They do not have an effective corporate governance structure. The most important shortcoming is the management team who don’t make good decisions for maximizing shareholders’ wealth. They only care for the profit and their bonus related with that. They don’t take any steps to maximize stakeholder’s equity. If this information gets public they might got fired from their job for violating the main goal of a public company â€Å"maximize shareholders wealth† Q e. On the basis of the information provided, what specific recommendations would you offer the firm? Ans: From the information available in the case study, we get a picture that this company has some major problem regarding their top management. We are giving these recommendations to address those issues. 1. Comply with all laws as well as accepted standards of conduct or moral judgment. This will prevent any more environmental hazard caused by dumping waste and its legal and environmental consequence. 2. Establish a corporate ethics policy, to be read and signed by all employees. This will make everyone aware about their specific duties and this will prevent further delinquency by the management. 3. Designing a payment system that ties management team and employees’ salary to share price or a performance based scale. And top management must have a stock based compensation plan which will get rid of the agency problem existing in the company. And buying stocks from the market will create demand for shares thus the stock price may go up for a short session.

Remington Consulting Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Remington Consulting Group - Essay Example Elements of intellectual capital include human capital, social capital, and organizational capital. The branch of economic theory concerned with the value embodied in a firm’s human resources is known as human capital management. Human capital management has been described as "a strategic approach to people management that focuses on issues that are critical to the organization's success." The most significant link between human resources management and human capital management is the definition of the link between the two. Human capital management is concerned with the measurement metrics. However, it is not primarily about measurement but creating and demonstrating the value that people and people management can contribute to an organization. The practice of human capital management begins with the collection of data and continuation with measurements and reporting. Specific applications of human capital management relate to human resources strategy formulation, talent manag ement, learning and development, knowledge management, performance management, and reward management (Baron and Armstrong, 2008). Human capital management practices allow value extraction rather than value creation as a way to maximize the value of the firm. Human capital has been considered an organization’s intangible assets. These include competencies such as skills, experience, potential and capacity. It is widely believed that people with the right profile and capability provide a competitive advantage that cannot be replicated. Changes in practices have led human capital to become an important driver of organizational performance. Drivers include the acceptance that human capital is a key asset driving creation of value; move in human resource function from efficiency to effectiveness, the cost to adding value, inputs to outputs, data collection to analysis, and operational performance (Ceridian, 2007). In the case study, Remington has not focussed on the value that can be derived from their human resources. The firm has consultants for specific domains within each branch. However, the use of tools to maximize human capital management has not been optimized.

The effect of biological principles on the architectural design Toward Essay

The effect of biological principles on the architectural design Toward sustainable approach - Essay Example Sponges can be examined in order to create more efficient buildings. Nature also optimizes energy consumptions and the elasticity of biomaterial. It introduces an era where expectations are not what to extract from nature, but rather what can be learn from it (Benyus, 2002) and (Pawlyn, 2011). This new era (Benyus, 1997) defines biomimicry as a new science that uses nature’s models as an inspiration to study the design, in order to find a solution to solve human problems. The concept of using nature as a model for manufactured products is not a new. Although Biomimicry has created a radical change, the architectural community and peoples’ perception of the contemporary building has not been positive. Like most new trends, some criticism has been raised against this approach. Biomimicry should be incorporated into inspirational architectural designs. The aim of this essay is to investigate how to create a natural design by exploring the link between the biological principles on the architectural design. The first part of this essay will discuss the background of biomimicry. The second part of the paper will focus on the principles of biometry and the relative approaches. The third part of the essay will discuss the effectiveness of the levels of biomimicry. In the last part the paper will illustrate some drawbacks against biomimicry In the English language, the creation of the term bionic (also known as biomimetic, biomimicry, bio-inspiration, biogenesis, biologically inspired design) probably originated from the Greek word bion (Iouguina, 2013). This word means life. Mimicry is to imitate or copy. Thus biomimicry is the imitating of life or living things. â€Å"Biomimicry from bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate is a new discipline that studies natures best ideas and then imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems. Studying a leaf to invent a better solar cell is an example, it

What Did Jeffersonian Republicans Thought about the War of 1812 Term Paper

What Did Jeffersonian Republicans Thought about the War of 1812 - Term Paper Example The war of 1812 can rightly be renamed the Republican’s War as the Republicans successfully waged the war even though the Federalists opposed it. In the preceding pages, I would investigate and analyze the course of the war of 1812 and prove this hypothesis.Americans’ confidence in the viability of their republican form of government had begun to erode in the early nineteenth century under the pressure of foreign affairs. Great Britain and France, bled white from butchering one another in the Napoleonic Wars and each desperate for advantage, were assaulting the merchant vessels of the United States. The English first started to impress sailors from American ships in 1803. Then in a series of Orders in Council over the next few years they blockaded the European continent, denied to American merchants the wartime carrying trade, and began to seize American ships with their commercial loads. Napoleon responded with the Berlin and Milan Decrees, edicts which blockaded the B ritish Isles and prohibited all neutral trade with them. The French by 1806 also began to confiscate trade vessels of the United States. From 1803 to 1807 the Republican administration of Thomas Jefferson relied upon protest and negotiation in attempting to moderate the maritime policies of the European belligerents. This strategy failed.In December of 1807, the Republicans took a new tack. Determined to find an effective American policy somewhere between war and submission, Jefferson and his Congressional followers enacted the famous embargo. This measure prohibited American ships from traveling to foreign ports, and foreign ships from gathering any cargo in the United States. Designed to bring Great Britain and France to reason by economic pressure, the measure instead prompted economic hardship, political discontent among mercantile interests, and a widespread smuggling trade within the United States. The embargo’s unpopularity brought its repeal in fourteen months, and th e subsequent enactment of weaker forms of commercial restrictions. All of these policies were ineffective. But they did succeed in creating, especially among Republicans, a profound crisis of confidence over the vigor of American republican government. If the foreign affairs conundrum had helped raise tensions in American political economy by turning it inward toward production and the home market, it also raised larger and even more unsettling questions: could the United States wage war and survive? And if it could not, did its republican structure deserve to survive?

Website evaluation for a destination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Website evaluation for a destination - Essay Example The font size and color combination was not so good. Here we can have a same theme of heading. Each heading in the webpage has different color that gives the feeing of distraction to the users. 14 Acceding to most of the questionnaire respondents the website navigation is good. In this web site we have a clear view of our presence in the website. Here we have proper and functional hyperlinks that offer us the capability to navigate through the whole website in an effective way. 14 Web based information platforms are aimed at offering the people valuable information about the relevant area or subject. The human computer based analysis offers the capability to weigh up and assess these systems working and performance regarding their interaction to users. This research and analysis based report will also offer deep and comprehensive overview of the website evaluation through the human computer interaction rules. This website is an E-Tourism website that belongs to Bangladesh. It is an official website of Bangladesh Government for tourism and its online address is: www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd. The main intention of this research is to evaluate this website regarding its design, content, usability and interactivity for the better and effective system development that can effectively interact with its audience. The subject of Human–computer interaction deals with the analysis of the interaction among people and computer. In this paradigm we analyze how we can build a system (web site) that is able to offer better support and facility during the usage of system. This subject investigates the user psychology, behaviors and develops the system or designs the web site that is capable to meet the user expectations regarding system working. Website evaluation for better design, content, usability and interactivity is main area that developer needs to address while developing a web site for the user. Human computer interaction rules based evaluation process is

Reflection questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection questions - Essay Example Socrates does not seem to be afraid of death. Socrates persuades both the young and old not to care for their body or wealth. Socrates says that excellence is not brought about by wealth. However, excellence will make wealth and all that is good for the people. Socrates says that the fear of death is the pretence of wisdom. Socrates says that one cannot believe to be wise when he fears death. No one can know whether death could be the greatest blessing among the blessings for human beings. However, Socrates is surprised that people fear death as if they had known that it is the greatest of all evils. Socrates therefore says that believing one knows what one does not know is ignorance. Socrates says that when a man takes a position that he believes is the best option, he must face the danger without fearing death or having thoughts of anything else. Socrates does not fear death and he tells the jury that he will obey the gods rather than the jury. Socrates believes that every mind is offered a choice between truth and repose and he can never have both. He therefore chooses the truth rather than submitting to his enemies. Socrates says that those who believe that death is an evil are mistaken. Socrates believes that it would be better for him to die now because this will enable him to escape from trouble. Socrates believes that the life that is unexamined is not worth living for a man. Crito wanted to help Socrates to escape from the prison but due to the attitude that Socrates had he refused to escape from the prison. Socrates says that one should consider opinions of people of who are sensible and are able to see things as they turn out. Socrates suggests that what the public achieve is only determined by chance and it cannot make a man either foolish or wise. Socrates is unwilling to escape from the prison not because he is afraid of endangering or inconveniencing

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

International Business - Essay Example This study deals with the in-depth analysis of a variety of international environmental influences and impact of uncertainties on international business. This paper includes critical analysis of the motivating factors for MNEs to invest in abroad, critical arguments on protectionism, international trade and its benefits for a country, contribution of MNEs and markets in international trade and investment, conflicts between interest of MNEs and host nations. These are main constituent of the paper and analysis on discussion will be made on these areas of international business. MNEs and why the invest abroad Multinational Enterprises are the large business entity that has business activities or registered in multiple countries as business entity in more than one country. The international traders are not multinational entrepreneurs because the main criteria to categorise as MNE is that a firm need to both produce and sell goods and services in more than one country whereas internation al traders generally involved in export and import of goods and services. Multinational enterprises are the main constituents of worldwide globalization. Emerging trend of internalisation of leading domestic business businesses of many countries lead to more foreign direct investment. Internationalisation of firm was initiated by leading businesses of developed countries and they started diversifying into emerging countries in search of more resources and potential markets. Leading businesses of many countries are willing to invest to in foreign markets after saturated penetration in the foreign markets. There are several motivations behind foreign direct investment by the businesses. These motives can be categorised as traditional motivations and emerging motivations. Traditional motivations include the forces that has been drove the leading business to divest into foreign markets. There are four major traditional motives behind foreign direct investment by the companies. Market se eking Business always finds potential market to enjoy demand of their product and services. Therefore, once a business saturated in a particular region or a domestic country then it started finding potential market in the foreign countries. This is one of the most efficient strategies of business expansion as well as sustains increasing demand of product and services. Another reason of market seeking may be that specific product or services requires specific markets for getting appropriate demand or value of the product. Many companies seek foreign markets in this motive. Resource seeking Resource is next most important factor for a business. All businesses try to find out bets resources in low cost and this is the reasons behind major diversifications of the leading firms of developed markets. FDI helps the company to identify and develop production unit in the foreign markets with major availability of resources. Major seeking resources are raw material for product companies and m anpower for service based companies. Strategic asset seeking Another important motive of companies behind foreign investment is to invest in potential foreign businesses to build strategic assets. This may involve in partnership establishment with the existing foreign firms. This is one of t5he most efficient and popular diversification strategy of MNCs. Efficiency seeking Multinational corporations always want to reorganize or restructure their asset holding in overseas markets. The motive behinds this is to efficiently respond to macroeconomic changes that have